You cannot increase size of pixels. You may increase image size in pixels.
For example:
width *= 5;
height *= 5;
BufferedImage img = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_ARGB);
img.getRaster().setPixels(0, 0, width, height, pixels);
But, of course,
pixels array must have a corresponding image data, match the new dimensions.
Also, if transparency is not absolutely necessary, I would recommend to use
BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB, or even
BufferedImage.TYPE_BYTE_INDEXED to reduce resulting PDF document size.